[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/cap module is used for manipulating POSIX.1e (POSIX.6) capability sets. If the operating system does not support this interface, the builtins defined by this module will do nothing. The builtins in this module are:
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/clone module makes available one builtin command:
The return value of the builtin is zero in both shells if successful, and non-zero on error.
The target of clone should be an unused terminal, such as an unused virtual console or a virtual terminal created by
xterm -e sh -c 'trap : INT QUIT TSTP; tty; while :; do sleep 100000000; done'
Some words of explanation are warranted about this long xterm command line: when doing clone on a pseudo-terminal, some other session ("session" meant as a unix session group, or SID) is already owning the terminal. Hence the cloned zsh cannot acquire the pseudo-terminal as a controlling tty. That means two things:
the job control signals will go to the sh-started-by-xterm process group (that's why we disable INT QUIT and TSTP with trap; otherwise the while loop could get suspended or killed)
the cloned shell will have job control disabled, and the job control keys (control-C, control-\ and control-Z) will not work.
This does not apply when cloning to an unused vc.
Cloning to an used (and unprepared) terminal will result in two processes reading simultaneously from the same terminal, with input bytes going randomly to either process.
clone is mostly useful as a shell built-in replacement for openvt.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/compctl module makes available two builtin commands. compctl, is the old, deprecated way to control completions for ZLE. See 20. Completion Using compctl. The other builtin command, compcall can be used in user-defined completion widgets, see 18. Completion Widgets.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/complete module makes available several builtin commands which can be used in user-defined completion widgets, see 18. Completion Widgets.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/complist module offers three extensions to completion listings: the ability to highlight matches in such a list, the ability to scroll through long lists and a different style of menu completion.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The parameters ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS describe how matches are highlighted. To turn on highlighting an empty value suffices, in which case all the default values given below will be used. The format of the value of these parameters is the same as used by the GNU version of the ls command: a colon-separated list of specifications of the form `name=value'. The name may be one of the following strings, most of which specify file types for which the value will be used. The strings and their default values are:
Apart from these strings, the name may also be an asterisk (`*') followed by any string. The value given for such a string will be used for all files whose name ends with the string. The name may also be an equals sign (`=') followed by a pattern. The value given for this pattern will be used for all matches (not just filenames) whose display string are matched by the pattern. Definitions for both of these take precedence over the values defined for file types and the form with the leading asterisk takes precedence over the form with the leading equal sign.
The last form also allows different parts of the displayed strings to be colored differently. For this, the pattern has to use the `(#b)' globbing flag and pairs of parentheses surrounding the parts of the strings that are to be colored differently. In this case the value may consist of more than one color code separated by equal signs. The first code will be used for all parts for which no explicit code is specified and the following codes will be used for the parts matched by the sub-patterns in parentheses. For example, the specification `=(#b)(?)*(?)=0=3=7' will be used for all matches which are at least two characters long and will use the code `3' for the first character, `7' for the last character and `0' for the rest.
All three forms of name may be preceded by a pattern in parentheses. If this is given, the value will be used only for matches in groups whose names are matched by the pattern given in the parentheses. For example, `(g*)m*=43' highlights all matches beginning with `m' in groups whose names begin with `g' using the color code `43'. In case of the `lc', `rc', and `ec' codes, the group pattern is ignored.
Note also that all patterns are tried in the order in which they appear in the parameter value until the first one matches which is then used.
When printing a match, the code prints the value of lc, the value for the file-type or the last matching specification with a `*', the value of rc, the string to display for the match itself, and then the value of ec if that is defined or the values of lc, no, and rc if ec is not defined.
The default values are ISO 6429 (ANSI) compliant and can be used on vt100 compatible terminals such as xterms. On monochrome terminals the default values will have no visible effect. The colors function from the contribution can be used to get associative arrays containing the codes for ANSI terminals (see 24.6 Other Functions). For example, after loading colors, one could use `$colors[red]' to get the code for foreground color red and `$colors[bg-green]' for the code for background color green.
If the completion system invoked by compinit is used, these parameters should not be set directly because the system controls them itself. Instead, the list-colors style should be used (see 19.3 Completion System Configuration).
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
If the parameter LISTPROMPT is set, the completion code will not ask if the list should be shown. Instead it immediately starts displaying the list, stopping after the first screenful, showing the prompt at the bottom, waiting for a keypress after temporarily switching to the listscroll keymap. Some of the zle functions have a special meaning while scrolling lists:
Every other character stops listing and immediately processes the key as usual. Any key that is not bound in the listscroll keymap or that is bound to undefined-key is looked up in the keymap currently selected.
As for the ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS parameters, LISTPROMPT should not be set directly when using the shell function based completion system. Instead, the list-prompt style should be used.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
When using the completion system based on shell functions, the MENUSELECT parameter should not be used (like the ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS parameters described above). Instead, the menu style should be used with the select=... keyword.
After menu selection is started, the matches will be listed. If there are more matches than fit on the screen, only the first screenful is shown. The matches to insert into the command line can be selected from this list. In the list one match is highlighted using the value for ma from the ZLS_COLORS or ZLS_COLOURS parameter. The default value for this is `7' which forces the selected match to be highlighted using standout mode on a vt100-compatible terminal. If neither ZLS_COLORS nor ZLS_COLOURS is set, the same terminal control sequence as for the `%S' escape in prompts is used.
If there are more matches than fit on the screen and the parameter MENUPROMPT is set, its value will be shown below the matches. It supports the same escape sequences as LISTPROMPT, but the number of the match or line shown will be that of the one where the mark is placed. If its value is the empty string, a default prompt will be used.
The MENUSCROLL parameter can be used to specify how the list is scrolled. If the parameter is unset, this is done line by line, if it is set to `0' (zero), the list will scroll half the number of lines of the screen. If the value is positive, it gives the number of lines to scroll and if it is negative, the list will be scrolled the number of lines of the screen minus the (absolute) value.
As for the ZLS_COLORS, ZLS_COLOURS and LISTPROMPT parameters, neither MENUPROMPT nor MENUSCROLL should be set directly when using the shell function based completion system. Instead, the select-prompt and select-scroll styles should be used.
The completion code sometimes decides not to show all of the matches in the list. These hidden matches are either matches for which the completion function which added them explicitly requested that they not appear in the list (using the -n option of the compadd builtin command) or they are matches which duplicate a string already in the list (because they differ only in things like prefixes or suffixes that are not displayed). In the list used for menu selection, however, even these matches are shown so that it is possible to select them. To highlight such matches the hi and du capabilities in the ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS parameters are supported for hidden matches of the first and second kind, respectively.
Selecting matches is done by moving the mark around using the zle movement functions. When not all matches can be shown on the screen at the same time, the list will scroll up and down when crossing the top or bottom line. The following zle functions have special meaning during menu selection:
All movement functions wrap around at the edges; any other zle function not listed leaves menu selection and executes that function. It is possible to make widgets in the above list do the same by using the form of the widget with a `.' in front. For example, the widget `.accept-line' has the effect of leaving menu selection and accepting the entire command line.
During this selection the widget uses the keymap menuselect. Any key that is not defined in this keymap or that is bound to undefined-key is looked up in the keymap currently selected. This is used to ensure that the most important keys used during selection (namely the cursor keys, return, and TAB) have sensible defaults. However, keys in the menuselect keymap can be modified directly using the bindkey builtin command (see 21.26 The zsh/zle Module). For example, to make the return key leave menu selection without accepting the match currently selected one could call
bindkey -M menuselect '^M' send-break
after loading the zsh/complist module.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/computil module adds several builtin commands that are used by some of the completion functions in the completion system based on shell functions (see 19. Completion System ). Except for compquote these builtin commands are very specialised and thus not very interesting when writing your own completion functions. In summary, these builtin commands are:
Once compdescribe has been called with either the -i or the -I option, it can be repeatedly called with the -g option and the names of five arrays as its arguments. This will step through the different sets of matches and store the options in the first array, the strings with descriptions in the second, the matches for these in the third, the strings without descriptions in the fourth, and the matches for them in the fifth array. These are then directly given to compadd to register the matches with the completion code.
The return value is non-zero in case of an error and zero otherwise.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/datetime module makes available one builtin command:
If -s scalar is given, assign the date to scalar instead of printing it.
The zsh/datetime module makes available one parameter:
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/deltochar module makes available two ZLE functions:
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/example module makes available one builtin command:
The purpose of the module is to serve as an example of how to write a module.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/files module makes some standard commands available as builtins:
The user-spec can be in four forms:
In each case, the `:' may instead be a `.'. The rule is that if there is a `:' then the separator is `:', otherwise if there is a `.' then the separator is `.', otherwise there is no separator.
Each of user and group may be either a username (or group name, as appropriate) or a decimal user ID (group ID). Interpretation as a name takes precedence, if there is an all-numeric username (or group name).
The -R option causes chown to recursively descend into directories, changing the ownership of all files in the directory after changing the ownership of the directory itself.
The -s option is a zsh extension to chown functionality. It enables paranoid behaviour, intended to avoid security problems involving a chown being tricked into affecting files other than the ones intended. It will refuse to follow symbolic links, so that (for example) "chown luser /tmp/foo/passwd" can't accidentally chown /etc/passwd if /tmp/foo happens to be a link to /etc. It will also check where it is after leaving directories, so that a recursive chown of a deep directory tree can't end up recursively chowning /usr as a result of directories being moved up the tree.
Normally, ln will not attempt to create hard links to directories. This check can be overridden using the -d option. Typically only the super-user can actually succeed in creating hard links to directories. This does not apply to symbolic links in any case.
By default, existing files cannot be replaced by links. The -i option causes the user to be queried about replacing existing files. The -f option causes existing files to be silently deleted, without querying. -f takes precedence.
By default, the user will be queried before replacing any file that the user cannot write to, but writable files will be silently removed. The -i option causes the user to be queried about replacing any existing files. The -f option causes any existing files to be silently deleted, without querying. -f takes precedence.
Note that this mv will not move files across devices. Historical versions of mv, when actual renaming is impossible, fall back on copying and removing files; if this behaviour is desired, use cp and rm manually. This may change in a future version.
Normally, rm will not remove directories (except with the -r option). The -d option causes rm to try removing directories with unlink (see man page unlink(2)), the same method used for files. Typically only the super-user can actually succeed in unlinking directories in this way. -d takes precedence over -r.
By default, the user will be queried before removing any file that the user cannot write to, but writable files will be silently removed. The -i option causes the user to be queried about removing any files. The -f option causes files to be silently deleted, without querying, and suppresses all error indications. -f takes precedence.
The -r option causes rm to recursively descend into directories, deleting all files in the directory before removing the directory with the rmdir system call (see man page rmdir(2)).
The -s option is a zsh extension to rm functionality. It enables paranoid behaviour, intended to avoid common security problems involving a root-run rm being tricked into removing files other than the ones intended. It will refuse to follow symbolic links, so that (for example) "rm /tmp/foo/passwd" can't accidentally remove /etc/passwd if /tmp/foo happens to be a link to /etc. It will also check where it is after leaving directories, so that a recursive removal of a deep directory tree can't end up recursively removing /usr as a result of directories being moved up the tree.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/mapfile module provides one special associative array parameter of the same name.
When the array is accessed as a whole, the keys are the names of files in the current directory, and the values are empty (to save a huge overhead in memory). Thus ${(k)mapfile} has the same affect as the glob operator *(D), since files beginning with a dot are not special. Care must be taken with expressions such as rm ${(k)mapfile}, which will delete every file in the current directory without the usual `rm *' test.
The parameter mapfile may be made read-only; in that case, files referenced may not be written or deleted.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
Although reading and writing of the file in question is efficiently handled, zsh's internal memory management may be arbitrarily baroque. Thus it should not automatically be assumed that use of mapfile represents a gain in efficiency over use of other mechanisms. Note in particular that the whole contents of the file will always reside physically in memory when accessed (possibly multiple times, due to standard parameter substitution operations). In particular, this means handling of sufficiently long files (greater than the machine's swap space, or than the range of the pointer type) will be incorrect.
No errors are printed or flagged for non-existent, unreadable, or unwritable files, as the parameter mechanism is too low in the shell execution hierarchy to make this convenient.
It is unfortunate that the mechanism for loading modules does not yet allow the user to specify the name of the shell parameter to be given the special behaviour.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/mathfunc module provides standard mathematical functions for use when evaluating mathematical formulae. The syntax agrees with normal C and FORTRAN conventions, for example,
(( f = sin(0.3) )) |
assigns the sine of 0.3 to the parameter f.
Most functions take floating point arguments and return a floating point value. However, any necessary conversions from or to integer type will be performed automatically by the shell. Apart from atan with a second argument and the abs, int and float functions, all functions behave as noted in the manual page for the corresponding C function, except that any arguments out of range for the function in question will be detected by the shell and an error reported.
The following functions take a single floating point argument: acos, acosh, asin, asinh, atan, atanh, cbrt, ceil, cos, cosh, erf, erfc, exp, expm1, fabs, floor, gamma, j0, j1, lgamma, log, log10, log1p, logb, sin, sinh, sqrt, tan, tanh, y0, y1. The atan function can optionally take a second argument, in which case it behaves like the C function atan2. The ilogb function takes a single floating point argument, but returns an integer.
The function signgam takes no arguments, and returns an integer, which is the C variable of the same name, as described in man page gamma(3). Note that it is therefore only useful immediately after a call to gamma or lgamma. Note also that `signgam()' and `signgam' are distinct expressions.
The following functions take two floating point arguments: copysign, fmod, hypot, nextafter.
The following take an integer first argument and a floating point second argument: jn, yn.
The following take a floating point first argument and an integer second argument: ldexp, scalb.
The function abs does not convert the type of its single argument; it returns the absolute value of either a floating point number or an integer. The functions float and int convert their arguments into a floating point or integer value (by truncation) respectively.
Note that the C pow function is available in ordinary math evaluation as the `**' operator and is not provided here.
The function rand48 is available if your system's mathematical library has the function erand48(3). It returns a pseudo-random floating point number between 0 and 1. It takes a single string optional argument.
If the argument is not present, the random number seed is initialised by three calls to the rand(3) function -- this produces the same random numbers as the next three values of $RANDOM.
If the argument is present, it gives the name of a scalar parameter where the current random number seed will be stored. On the first call, the value must contain at least twelve hexadecimal digits (the remainder of the string is ignored), or the seed will be initialised in the same manner as for a call to rand48 with no argument. Subsequent calls to rand48(param) will then maintain the seed in the parameter param as a string of twelve hexadecimal digits, with no base signifier. The random number sequences for different parameters are completely independent, and are also independent from that used by calls to rand48 with no argument.
For example, consider
print $(( rand48(seed) )) print $(( rand48() )) print $(( rand48(seed) )) |
Assuming $seed does not exist, it will be initialised by the first call. In the second call, the default seed is initialised; note, however, that because of the properties of rand() there is a correlation between the seeds used for the two initialisations, so for more secure uses, you should generate your own 12-byte seed. The third call returns to the same sequence of random numbers used in the first call, unaffected by the intervening rand48().
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/parameter module gives access to some of the internal hash tables used by the shell by defining some special parameters.
Setting or unsetting keys in this array is not possible.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/pcre module makes some commands available as builtins:
Option -a will force the pattern to be anchored. Option -i will compile a case-insensitive pattern. Option -m will compile a multi-line pattern; that is, ^ and $ will match newlines within the pattern. Option -x will compile an extended pattern, wherein whitespace and # comments are ignored.
If the expression captures substrings within parentheses, pcre_match will set the array $match to those substrings, unless the -a option is given, in which case it will set the array arr.
The zsh/pcre module makes available the following test condition:
For example,
[[ "$text" -pcre-match ^d+$ ]] && print text variable contains only "d's".
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/sched module makes available one builtin command:
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/net/socket module makes available one builtin command:
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
If -d is specified, its argument will be taken as the target file descriptor for the connection.
In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
If -d is specified, its argument will be taken as the target file descriptor for the connection.
In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.
If -d is specified, its argument will be taken as the target file descriptor for the connection.
If -t is specified, zsocket will return if no incoming connection is pending. Otherwise it will wait for one.
In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/stat module makes available one builtin command:
A particular element may be selected by including its name preceded by a `+' in the option list; only one element is allowed. The element may be shortened to any unique set of leading characters. Otherwise, all elements will be shown for all files.
Options:
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/system module makes available three builtin commands and a parameter.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
Instead of the error number, a name errname, for example ENOENT, may be used. The set of names is the same as the contents of the array errnos, see below.
If the string prefix is given, it is printed in front of the error message, with no intervening space.
If errvar is supplied, the entire message, without a newline, is assigned to the parameter names errvar and nothing is output.
A return value of 0 indicates the message was successfully printed (although it may not be useful if the error number was out of the system's range), a return value of 1 indicates an error in the parameters, and a return value of 2 indicates the error name was not recognised (no message is printed for this).
The maximum number of bytes read is bufsize or 8192 if that is not given, however the command returns as soon as any number of bytes was successfully read.
If timeout is given, it specifies a timeout in seconds, which may be zero to poll the file descriptor. This is handled by the poll system call if available, otherwise the select system call if available.
If outfd is given, an attempt is made to write all the bytes just read to the file descriptor outfd. If this fails, because of a system error other than EINTR or because of an internal zsh error during an interrupt, the bytes read but not written are stored in the parameter named by param if supplied (no default is used in this case), and the number of bytes read but not written is stored in the parameter named by countvar if that is supplied. If it was successful, countvar contains the full number of bytes transferred, as usual, and param is not set.
The error EINTR (interrupted system call) is handled internally so that shell interrupts are transparent to the caller. Any other error causes a return.
The possible return values are
If countvar is given, the number of byte written is stored in the parameter named by countvar; this may not be the full length of data if an error occurred.
The error EINTR (interrupted system call) is handled internally by retrying; otherwise an error causes the command to return. For example, if the file descriptor is set to non-blocking output, an error EAGAIN (on some systems, EWOULDBLOCK) may result in the command returning early.
The return status may be 0 for success, 1 for an error in the parameters to the command, or 2 for an error on the write; no error message is printed in the last case, but the parameter ERRNO will reflect the error that occurred.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
Note that aliases for errors are not handled; only the canonical name is used.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/net/tcp module makes available one builtin command:
If ztcp is run with no options, it will output the contents of its session table.
If it is run with only the option -L, it will output the contents of the session table in a format suitable for automatic parsing. The option is ignored if given with a command to open or close a session. The output consists of a set of lines, one per session, each containing the following elements separated by spaces:
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
If -d is specified, its argument will be taken as the target file descriptor for the connection.
In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
If -d is specified, its argument will be taken as the target file descriptor for the connection.
In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.
If -d is specified, its argument will be taken as the target file descriptor for the connection.
If -t is specified, ztcp will return if no incoming connection is pending. Otherwise it will wait for one.
In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
Normally, sockets registered by zftp (see 21.25 The zsh/zftp Module ) cannot be closed this way. In order to force such a socket closed, use -f.
In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
On host1,
zmodload zsh/net/tcp ztcp -l 5123 listenfd=$REPLY ztcp -a $listenfd fd=$REPLY |
Now create a connection from host2 (which may, of course, be the same machine):
zmodload zsh/net/tcp ztcp host1 5123 fd=$REPLY |
Now on each host, $fd contains a file descriptor for talking to the other. For example, on host1:
print This is a message >&$fd |
read -r line <&$fd; print -r - $line |
To tidy up, on host1:
ztcp -c $listenfd ztcp -c $fd |
ztcp -c $fd |
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/termcap module makes available one builtin command:
The zsh/termcap module makes available one parameter:
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/terminfo module makes available one builtin command:
The zsh/terminfo module makes available one parameter:
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/zftp module makes available one builtin command:
All commands consist of the command name zftp followed by the name of a subcommand. These are listed below. The return status of each subcommand is supposed to reflect the success or failure of the remote operation. See a description of the variable ZFTP_VERBOSE for more information on how responses from the server may be printed.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
If IPv6 addresses in colon format are used, the host should be surrounded by quoted square brackets to distinguish it from the port, for example '[fe80::203:baff:fe02:8b56]'. For consistency this is allowed with all forms of host.
Remaining arguments are passed to the login subcommand. Note that if no arguments beyond host are supplied, open will not automatically call login. If no arguments at all are supplied, open will use the parameters set by the params subcommand.
After a successful open, the shell variables ZFTP_HOST, ZFTP_PORT, ZFTP_IP and ZFTP_SYSTEM are available; see `Variables' below.
After a successful login, the shell variables ZFTP_USER, ZFTP_ACCOUNT and ZFTP_PWD are available; see `Variables' below.
This command may be re-issued when a user is already logged in, and the server will first be reinitialized for a new user.
Any of the parameters may be specified as a `?', which may need to be quoted to protect it from shell expansion. In this case, the appropriate parameter will be read from stdin as with the login subcommand, including special handling of password. If the `?' is followed by a string, that is used as the prompt for reading the parameter instead of the default message (any necessary punctuation and whitespace should be included at the end of the prompt). The first letter of the parameter (only) may be quoted with a `\'; hence an argument "\\$word" guarantees that the string from the shell parameter $word will be treated literally, whether or not it begins with a `?'.
If instead a single `-' is given, the existing parameters, if any, are deleted. In that case, calling open with no arguments will cause an error.
The list of parameters is not deleted after a close, however it will be deleted if the zsh/zftp module is unloaded.
For example,
zftp params ftp.elsewhere.xx juser '?Password for juser: ' |
will store the host ftp.elsewhere.xx and the user juser and then prompt the user for the corresponding password with the given prompt.
The test is only supported on systems with either the select(2) or poll(2) system calls; otherwise the message `not supported on this system' is printed instead.
The test subcommand will automatically be called at the start of any other subcommand for the current session when a connection is open.
The FTP default for a transfer is ASCII. However, if zftp finds that the remote host is a UNIX machine with 8-bit byes, it will automatically switch to using binary for file transfers upon open. This can subsequently be overridden.
The transfer type is only passed to the remote host when a data connection is established; this command involves no network overhead.
Not all servers support the commands for retrieving this information. In that case, the remote command will print nothing and return status 2, compared with status 1 for a file not found.
The local command (but not remote) may be used with no arguments, in which case the information comes from examining file descriptor zero. This is the same file as seen by a put command with no further redirection.
Each session remembers the status of the connection, the set of connection-specific shell parameters (the same set as are unset when a connection closes, as given in the description of close), and any user parameters specified with the params subcommand. Changing to a previous session restores those values; changing to a new session initialises them in the same way as if zftp had just been loaded. The name of the current session is given by the parameter ZFTP_SESSION.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
In the unlikely event that your system does not have the appropriate conversion functions, this appears in network byte order. If your system is little-endian, the port then consists of two swapped bytes and the standard port will be reported as 5376. In that case, numeric ports passed to zftp open will also need to be in this format.
If ZFTP_PREFS is not set when zftp is loaded, it will be set to a default of `PS', i.e. use passive mode if available, otherwise fall back to sendport mode.
It should be noted that, for unknown reasons, the reply `Service not available', which forces termination of a connection, is classified as 421, i.e. `transient negative', an interesting interpretation of the word `transient'.
The code 0 is special: it indicates that all but the last line of multiline replies read from the server will be printed to standard error in a processed format. By convention, servers use this mechanism for sending information for the user to read. The appropriate reply code, if it matches the same response, takes priority.
If ZFTP_VERBOSE is not set when zftp is loaded, it will be set to the default value 450, i.e., messages destined for the user and all errors will be printed. A null string is valid and specifies that no messages should be printed.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
When it is called with a transfer in progress, the following additional shell parameters are set:
The function is initially called with ZFTP_TRANSFER set appropriately and ZFTP_COUNT set to zero. After the transfer is finished, the function will be called one more time with ZFTP_TRANSFER set to GF or PF, in case it wishes to tidy up. It is otherwise never called twice with the same value of ZFTP_COUNT.
Sometimes the progress meter may cause disruption. It is up to the user to decide whether the function should be defined and to use unfunction when necessary.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
A connection may not be opened in the left hand side of a pipe as this occurs in a subshell and the file information is not updated in the main shell. In the case of type or mode changes or closing the connection in a subshell, the information is returned but variables are not updated until the next call to zftp. Other status changes in subshells will not be reflected by changes to the variables (but should be otherwise harmless).
Deleting sessions while a zftp command is active in the background can have unexpected effects, even if it does not use the session being deleted. This is because all shell subprocesses share information on the state of all connections, and deleting a session changes the ordering of that information.
On some operating systems, the control connection is not valid after a fork(), so that operations in subshells, on the left hand side of a pipeline, or in the background are not possible, as they should be. This is presumably a bug in the operating system.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/zle module contains the Zsh Line Editor. See 17. Zsh Line Editor.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/zleparameter module defines two special parameters that can be used to access internal information of the Zsh Line Editor (see 17. Zsh Line Editor).
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
When loaded, the zsh/zprof causes shell functions to be profiled. The profiling results can be obtained with the zprof builtin command made available by this module. There is no way to turn profiling off other than unloading the module.
At the top there is a summary listing all functions that were called at least once. This summary is sorted in decreasing order of the amount of time spent in each. The lines contain the number of the function in order, which is used in other parts of the list in suffixes of the form `[num]', then the number of calls made to the function. The next three columns list the time in milliseconds spent in the function and its descendents, the average time in milliseconds spent in the function and its descendents per call and the percentage of time spent in all shell functions used in this function and its descendents. The following three columns give the same information, but counting only the time spent in the function itself. The final column shows the name of the function.
After the summary, detailed information about every function that was invoked is listed, sorted in decreasing order of the amount of time spent in each function and its descendents. Each of these entries consists of descriptions for the functions that called the function described, the function itself, and the functions that were called from it. The description for the function itself has the same format as in the summary (and shows the same information). The other lines don't show the number of the function at the beginning and have their function named indented to make it easier to distinguish the line showing the function described in the section from the surrounding lines.
The information shown in this case is almost the same as in the summary, but only refers to the call hierarchy being displayed. For example, for a calling function the column showing the total running time lists the time spent in the described function and its descendents only for the times when it was called from that particular calling function. Likewise, for a called function, this columns lists the total time spent in the called function and its descendents only for the times when it was called from the function described.
Also in this case, the column showing the number of calls to a function also shows a slash and then the total number of invocations made to the called function.
As long as the zsh/zprof module is loaded, profiling will be done and multiple invocations of the zprof builtin command will show the times and numbers of calls since the module was loaded. With the -c option, the zprof builtin command will reset its internal counters and will not show the listing. )
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/zpty module offers one builtin:
With the -e option, the pseudo-terminal is set up so that input characters are echoed.
With the -b option, input to and output from the pseudo-terminal are made non-blocking.
If no strings are provided, the standard input is copied to the pseudo-terminal; this may stop before copying the full input if the pseudo-terminal is non-blocking.
Note that the command under the pseudo-terminal sees this input as if it were typed, so beware when sending special tty driver characters such as word-erase, line-kill, and end-of-file.
When also given a param argument, at most one line is read and stored in the parameter named param. Less than a full line may be read if the pseudo-terminal is non-blocking. The return value is zero if at least one character is stored in param.
If a pattern is given as well, output is read until the whole string read matches the pattern, even in the non-blocking case. The return value is zero if the string read matches the pattern, or if the command has exited but at least one character could still be read. As of this writing, a maximum of one megabyte of output can be consumed this way; if a full megabyte is read without matching the pattern, the return value is non-zero.
In all cases, the return value is non-zero if nothing could be read, and is 2 if this is because the command has finished.
If the -r option is combined with the -t option, zpty tests whether output is available before trying to read. If no output is available, zpty immediately returns the value 1.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/zselect module makes available one builtin command:
Arguments and options may be intermingled in any order. Non-option arguments are file descriptors, which must be decimal integers. By default, file descriptors are to be tested for reading, i.e. zselect will return when data is available to be read from the file descriptor, or more precisely, when a read operation from the file descriptor will not block. After a -r, -w and -e, the given file descriptors are to be tested for reading, writing, or error conditions. These options and an arbitrary list of file descriptors may be given in any order.
(The presence of an `error condition' is not well defined in the documentation for many implementations of the select system call. According to recent versions of the POSIX specification, it is really an exception condition, of which the only standard example is out-of-band data received on a socket. So zsh users are unlikely to find the -e option useful.)
The option `-t timeout' specifies a timeout in hundredths of a second. This may be zero, in which case the file descriptors will simply be polled and zselect will return immediately. It is possible to call zselect with no file descriptors and a non-zero timeout for use as a finer-grained replacement for `sleep'; not, however, the return status is always 1 for a timeout.
The option `-a array' indicates that array should be set to indicate the file descriptor(s) which are ready. If the option is not given, the array reply will be used for this purpose. The array will contain a string similar to the arguments for zselect. For example,
zselect -t 0 -r 0 -w 1 |
might return immediately with status 0 and $reply containing `-r 0 -w 1' to show that both file descriptors are ready for the requested operations.
The option `-A assoc' indicates that the associative array assoc should be set to indicate the file descriptor(s) which are ready. This option overrides the option -a, nor will reply be modified. The keys of assoc are the file descriptors, and the corresponding values are any of the characters `rwe' to indicate the condition.
The command returns 0 if some file descriptors are ready for reading. If the operation timed out, or a timeout of 0 was given and no file descriptors were ready, or there was an error, it returns status 1 and the array will not be set (nor modified in any way). If there was an error in the select operation the appropriate error message is printed.
[ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
The zsh/zutil module only adds some builtins:
For ordering of comparisons, patterns are searched from most specific to least specific, and patterns that are equally specific keep the order in which they were defined. A pattern is considered to be more specific than another if it contains more components (substrings separated by colons) or if the patterns for the components are more specific, where simple strings are considered to be more specific than patterns and complex patterns are considered to be more specific than the pattern `*'.
The first form (without arguments) lists the definitions in the order zstyle will test them. If the -L option is given, listing is done in the form of calls to zstyle. Forms with arguments:
The other forms can be used to look up or test patterns.
The -T option tests the values of the style like -t, but it returns zero (rather than 2) if the style is not defined for any matching pattern.
The %-escapes also understand ternary expressions in the form used by prompts. The % is followed by a `(' and then an ordinary format specifier character as described above. There may be a set of digits either before or after the `('; these specify a test number, which defaults to zero. Negative numbers are also allowed. An arbitrary delimiter character follows the format specifier, which is followed by a piece of `true' text, the delimiter character again, a piece of `false' text, and a closing parenthesis. The complete expression (without the digits) thus looks like `%(X.text1.text2)', except that the `.' character is arbitrary. The value given for the format specifier in the char:string expressions is evaluated as a mathematical expression, and compared with the test number. If they are the same, text1 is output, else text2 is output. A parenthesis may be escaped in text2 as %). Either of text1 or text2 may contain nested %-escapes.
For example:
zformat -f REPLY "The answer is '%3(c.yes.no)'." c:3 |
outputs "The answer is 'yes'." to REPLY since the value for the format specifier c is 3, agreeing with the digit argument to the ternary expression.
The second form, using the -a option, can be used for aligning strings. Here, the specs are of the form `left:right' where `left' and `right' are arbitrary strings. These strings are modified by replacing the colons by the sep string and padding the left strings with spaces to the right so that the sep strings in the result (and hence the right strings after them) are all aligned if the strings are printed below each other. All strings without a colon are left unchanged and all strings with an empty right string have the trailing colon removed. In both cases the lengths of the strings are not used to determine how the other strings are to be aligned. The resulting strings are stored in the array.
Note that it is an error to give any spec without an `=array' unless one of the -a or -A options is used.
Unless the -E option is given, parsing stops at the first string that isn't described by one of the specs. Even with -E, parsing always stops at a positional parameter equal to `-' or `--'.
The opt description must be one of the following. Any of the special characters can appear in the option name provided it is preceded by a backslash.
If a `+' appears after name, the option is appended to array each time it is found in the positional parameters; without the `+' only the last occurrence of the option is preserved.
If one of these forms is used, the option takes no argument, so parsing stops if the next positional parameter does not also begin with `-' (unless the -E option is used).
An optional argument is put into the same array element as the option name (note that this makes empty strings as arguments indistinguishable). A mandatory argument is added as a separate element unless the `:-' form is used, in which case the argument is put into the same element.
A `+' as described above may appear between the name and the first colon.
The options of zparseopts itself are:
For example,
set -- -a -bx -c y -cz baz -cend zparseopts a=foo b:=bar c+:=bar |
will have the effect of
foo=(-a) bar=(-b x -c y -c z) |
The arguments from `baz' on will not be used.
As an example for the -E option, consider:
set -- -a x -b y -c z arg1 arg2 zparseopts -E -D b:=bar |
will have the effect of
bar=(-b y) set -- -a x -c z arg1 arg2 |
I.e., the option -b and its arguments are taken from the positional parameters and put into the array bar.
[ << ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |